The Parisian club has now secured the season-opening trophy on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille struck two times late to seize a surprise lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital leveler in the dying moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the past thirteen seasons.